Nel 1947, sotto la spinta di movimenti indipendentisti, venne creato un nuovo stato, il Pakistan appunto, con l'intento di dare una nazione ai musulmani che vivevano nel subcontinente indiano. A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper. [9] I pakistani occidentali erano convinti che i bengalesi non avessero "attitudine militare" al contrario dei Pashtun e degli abitanti nel Punjab; la teoria delle razze marziali fu presto messa da parte come ridicola ed umiliante, tuttavia[9] malgrado le alte spese militari dello Stato unitario il Pakistan orientale non ricevette alcun beneficio in termini di contratti, acquisti e commesse militari. [128], On the ground, Pakistan suffered the most, with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded, while India only had 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. Le Forze del Bangladesh attaccarono diversi avamposti di frontiera. It is best answered by knowledgeable Pakistanis or Bangladeshis. US Department of State Office of the Historian. [121], The PAF played a more limited role in the operations. Hasan, Women of Pakistan Apologize for War Crimes, 1996, Sheikh Mujib wanted a confederation: US papers, by Anwar Iqbal, Dawn, 7 July 2005, Page containing copies of the surrender documents, A website dedicated to Liberation war of Bangladesh, Giornata internazionale delle lingue locali, Butcher Of Bengal | Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army - Los Angeles Times, Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century, Bangladesh sets up war crimes court - Central & South Asia - Al Jazeera English, Demons of December — Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh, The Tilt: the U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971, Bangladesh Liberation War Picture Gallery, https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerra_di_liberazione_bengalese&oldid=117419250, Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive, Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità, licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo, Indipendenza del Pakistan orientale con il nome di Bangladesh. [198], As a result of the war, East Pakistan became an independent country, Bangladesh, as the world's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971. [14], Nel Pakistan occidentale le rivendicazioni linguistiche furono viste come una rivolta particolarista contro gli interessi dello Stato pakistano[15] e contro l'ideologia di base del Pakistan: la "teoria delle due Nazioni"[16], i politici occidentali consideravano la lingua Urdu come un prodotto della cultura islamica indiana,[17] come affermato da Ayub Khan nel 1967, "I bengalesi orientali... sono ancora influenzati considerevolmente dalla cultura Hindu. [93]:82–83 At the time of the attack, the Taj Mahal had been camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap, because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight. La guerra diede origine alla secessione del Pakistan dell'est, che divenne il Bangladesh indipendente. The war confirmed the independence of Bangladesh. Giovedì notte, le forze armate pakistane dell'ovest hanno attaccato la caserma della polizia a Razarbagh ed il quartier generale dell'EPR a Dacca. However, other countries such as Syria and Tunisia were against interfering describing it as an internal matter of Pakistan. Wierda, Marieke; Anthony Triolo (31 May 2012). [51]:xxx The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast; East Pakistan lay over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) away, which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali and the Pakistani cultures. I campi di addestramento erano situati nei pressi della zona di confine con l'India, che diede tutto il supporto logistico e strategico (Operazione Jackpot). [55], The general elections, held in 1970, resulted in East Pakistan's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly, and a near-absolute majority in the 313-seat National Assembly, while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party. [167][168] The perceived Indian overstay revived Bangladeshi anxieties of Hindu control. [151]:19 Before the war started, Chinese leaders and officials had long been philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders, as China feared that India was secretly supporting, infiltrating, and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government. [159]:79[verification needed] At the beginning of the conflict, Iran had helped Pakistan by sheltering PAF's fighter jets and providing it with free fuel to take part in the conflict, in an attempt to keep Pakistan's regional integrity united. Kohli, successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4/5 December 1971 under the codename Trident. [48][49][50], The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation War, a conflict between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the majority East Pakistanis. [253][254], Military confrontation between India and Pakistan alongside the Bangladesh Liberation War, India's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War, India's official engagement with Pakistan, Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan, Pakistan: War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners, Bangladesh: International Crimes Tribunal. [83] By October, other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. [128]:156 In the meantime, the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan. [104] The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships, and confusion remained the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International, acting as reconnaissance war pilots, misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship, inflicting major damages and killing several officers on board. [210][211] Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis. [235][236][237] The Indian hardliners, however, felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto, who had pleaded for leniency, arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan. Il potere era sempre rimasto saldamente nelle mani dell'establishment occidentale, sebbene la maggioranza della popolazione vivesse ad est. [70][69][72] The Indian government opened the East Pakistan–India border to allow the Bengali refugees to find safe shelter; the governments of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura established refugee camps along the border. A. K. Niazi reportedly commented on Tikka's actions and noted: "On the night between 25/26 March 1971, [General] Tikka struck. [164] In addition to these three countries, an unidentified Middle Eastern ally also supplied Pakistan with Mirage IIIs. [65][66][67], In April, the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government-in-exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur. On 28 March 2012, President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 people, six organisations, Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre, Dhaka. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; Part of the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and Bangladesh Liberation War: First Row: Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Per esempio in Bangladesh si celebra il 16 dicembre il Giorno della Vittoria. Guerra indo-pakistana del 1971: questo conflitto non nacque dalle tensioni per il Kashmir, ma a causa della crisi economica ed umanitaria innescata dalla guerra di liberazione bengalese nel Pakistan orientale, quando 10 milioni di bengalesi cercarono rifugio nella vicina India. Azhar, M. u. R., Masood, S., & Malek, N. M. (2018). [14] [86][87] In reality, Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action, but she needed to get the military's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion, which were critical of India's restraint. "[79]:164 The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill-treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacting violently to restore the writ of the government. Magazine Desk-December 12, 2018. In Pakistan, the teenagers and youngsters (born in the 80s and 90s) don't know much about Bangladesh, apart from the fact that earlier it was a part of Pakistan, then due to our own bad policies and India's help, they separated. [228][217][229] The Commission also claimed that "approximately 26,000 persons (were) killed during the action by the Pakistan military"[228][230] Come ogni conflitto dell’epoca, la guerra di liberazione bengalese si andò a posizionare all’interno delle dinamiche della Guerra Fredda: gli americani sostennero il Pakistan, al contrario dei sovietici, che presero le parti del Bangladesh e dell’India. Il leader bengalese chiamò, con un messaggio radio, il popolo alla resistenza. [216], In the aftermath of the war, the Pakistani Government constituted the War Enquiry Commission, to be headed by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, who was an ethnic Bengali,[217] and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. [232] The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognised Bangladesh's sovereignty, in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs. Anque esisten desalcuerdos sobre les feches esactes de la guerra, les hostilidaes ente India y Paquistán empezaron oficialmente na tarde del 3 d'avientu de 1971. After a brief 'honeymoon' phase between India and Bangladesh, their relationship began to sour. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as Anthony Mascarenhas) who reported on the genocide of being "enemy agents". [130] Upon hearing the ultimatum, the East-Pakistan government collapsed when the Lt-Gen. A.A.K. [220], In 2000, the excerpts of the Supplementary Report were leaked to a political correspondent of Pakistan's Dawn, which the Dawn published together with India Today. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and … Its findings were met with favourable reviews from the political leaders of West Pakistan, with the exception of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party. [citation needed], Unlike the 1965 war, the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders of the Pakistan Navy knew very well that the Navy was ill-prepared for the naval conflict with India. Spanish translation of Pakistan - a state at war with itself by Lal Khan (May 15, 2007) ... la crisis en la judicatura y ahora el comienzo de la guerra civil en Karachi y en otras partes. [135]:73[141] However, it was vetoed by the Soviet Union, and the following days witnessed the use of great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon-Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw, but to no avail.[142]. Owing to disagreements between the Hindu and Muslim contingents of the commission tasked with delimiting the province, the frontiers were ultimately determined by the head of the commission, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Gli Stati Uniti chiesero, il 12 dicembre, una nuova convocazione del Consiglio di Sicurezza, tuttavia la guerra finì prima che la convocazione si concretizzasse in una risoluzione ed in misure che non fossero meramente accademiche. Il 26 marzo tutte le più grosse città erano state occupate, nel giro di un mese la protesta venne sedata. [161][162] As Pakistani aircraft could not fly over Indian territory, they would have to take a longer route around India and so they stopped at Bandaranaike Airport in Sri Lanka where they were refuelled before flying to East Pakistan. The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence in South Asia in an informal alliance with India. [54] In addition, there were religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis, as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis. Bangladesh (in le lingua bengali বাংলােদশ litteralmente le pais de Bengala) es un pais de Asia del Sud, situate al nord del golfo de Bengala.Illo es quasi un enclave de India, con un parve frontiera commun con Myanmar.Le pais deveniva independente in 1971, le data del partition de Pakistan.Illo ha constituite antea le "Pakistan Oriental". [61] President Yahya Khan called on the military – which was overwhelmingly led by West Pakistanis – to suppress dissent in the East, after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant-General Yaqub Ali Khan, the chief of staff of the East-Pakistani military. [32] India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skilfully manipulate Pakistan's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan. [171] Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during the Awami League tenures, relations deteriorated when the Bangladesh Nationalist Party assumed power. La Guerra indo-pakistaní de 1971 foi un conflictu militar importante ente India y Paquistán.La guerra tuvo cercanamente acomuñada cola Guerra de Lliberación de Bangladex (delles vegaes tamién denomada Guerra Civil Pakistaní). ", p. 34, Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century By Geoffrey Till page 179. However, 70% of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India: while 50% of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan. Indian Armed Forces V/s Pakistani Armed Forces. La fase principale dell'Operazione Searchlight era conclusa già a metà maggio. [100]:85–87 In retaliation, the Pakistan Navy submarines, Hangor, Mangro, and Shushuk, began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships. These led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan, who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government. [226] The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight,[227] but no actions were ever taken against those responsible, except the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, Pakistan Navy, and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines. Politici e società civile del Pakistan orientale annunciarono la dichiarazione di indipendenza del Bangladesh. The third war between India and Pakistan took place between November 22 (when the Indian's began providing active artillery support to the seperatists) and Dec 17, 1971. Il 16 dicembre 1971 il generale Niazi firmò la resa delle forze armate pakistane. Khan, surrendered without offering any resistance. El país Bangladesh existe desde hace menos de 50 años.En 1971, consiguió su independencia de Pakistán, un país con el que no hace frontera. Following the end of the British Raj, the two countries formed a single state for 24 years. Tuttavia quando la sconfitta pakistana apparve certa, Nixon inviò la portaerei USS Enterprise nella baia del Bengala come minaccia atomica nei confronti dell'India. [77], By November 1971, an Indian-Pakistani war seemed inevitable. [221][227], The War Commission, however, rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army, remarking, "It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful," and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that had carried out the termination of "only a hundred or more pregnancies". El 17 de Diciembre de 1971 finalizaba la "Guerra de Bangladesh". Nel 1971 poi ci fu una nuova guerra questa volta nella parte orientale del Pakistan, che portò alla nascita dello stato del Bangladesh come voluto da Nuova Delhi. El de Bangladesh es uno de los genocidios ocurridos después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de los que menos se habla. [215] To this day, the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the Bangladesh–Pakistan relations. L'identità negata:la guerra di liberazione del Bangladesh come disfacimento dell'ideale artificioso di Pakistan unito [citation needed] The First War Report was submitted in July 1972, but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference in national politics. Explore more on Bangladesh Pakistan. Choudhury, G.W., "Bangladesh: Why It Happened.". [74] Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan, and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war against Pakistan. [15] The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan. Il Bangladesh chiese l'ammissione alle Nazioni Unite ma la Cina pose il veto. [79]:164 Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in news reports, and high-profile assassinations of Bengali politicians loyal to Pakistan became common in the East. Le historia de Pakistan posterior a su independentia ha essite characterisate per periodos de governamento militar, instabilitate politic et per le conflicto con su vicin India, altere pais con armas nuclear, pro le controlo de Kashmir . [169] Many were concerned that Mujib was permitting Indian interference in the country's internal matters[170] and many in the Bangladeshi army resented his attachment with India. It is a well-known fact, or I can assume a lot of people are aware, that in 1971, the US government was not in favor of a liberated Bangladesh. [175]:50[176]:1[177][178] The Pakistani policy-making institutions further feared that the historicity of the two-nation theory had been disproved by the war, that Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis a part of Pakistan. [79]:164 According to Jussi Hanhimäki, Finnish historian of terrorism, the Bengali terrorism in the East is a somewhat "forgotten episode of annals of terrorism. Le forze regolari bengalesi attaccarono i pakistani a Mymensingh, Comilla e Sylhet, ma senza i risultati sperati. [4] These expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning. L'Unione Sovietica tuttavia oppose due volte il veto ad una risoluzione. Conflict and Development: A case study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2(9). La Guerra d'Alliberament de Bangladesh va ser una guerra entre el Pakistan occidental (actualment Pakistan) i el Pakistan Oriental (des del 1971 oficialment Bangla Desh), que es va desenvolupar des del 26 de març fins al 17 de desembre de 1971.La guerra va començar com una insurrecció al Pakistan Oriental liderada pels Mukti Bahini (Lluitadors per la Llibertat). Credendo che un attacco indiano fosse imminente, Nixon incoraggiò una mobilitazione cinese sul confine indiano, al fine di scoraggiare tale eventualità. Tra giugno e luglio, il Mukti Bahini aveva raggruppato oltre il confine con l'aiuto indiano tra i 2.000 e i 5.000 guerriglieri, che diedero vita alla cosiddetta Offensiva Moonsoon, che però non riuscì a raggiungere i suoi obiettivi. Il 7 dicembre l'Assemblea generale adottò a maggioranza una risoluzione che chiedeva l'"immediato cessate il fuoco ed il ritiro delle truppe". The war began with Operation Chengiz Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. His orders to his troops were: "I want the land, not the people..."." The organisations include the BBC, Akashbani (All India Radio), International Committee of the Red Cross, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti. La vittoria è nostra, per volere di Allah. L'Agenzia di intelligence indiana (RAW) giocò un ruolo cruciale nel fornire il supporto logistico al Mukti Bahini durante le fasi iniziali della guerra. [1] Paquistán … Relações entre a União Soviética e Bangladesh. The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as given in the table below. [119]:107[120] Sporadic raids by the IAF continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war, and interdiction and close-support operations were maintained. L'India inizialmente aveva previsto l'addestramento di una piccola forza bengalese d'élite di 8.000 membri, che avrebbe dovuto essere guidata dagli ufficiali fuoriusciti dall'esercito pakistano, operando in piccole cellule in tutto il Bangladesh, con azioni di guerriglia volte a favorire l'eventuale intervento indiano. Il Pakistan rispose inviando ulteriori 5 battaglioni. A Thought from Bangladesh. Il 17 aprile 1971 si formò un governo provvisorio nel distretto di Meherpur al confine con l'India con Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, detenuto in Pakistan, come presidente, Syed Nazrul Islam presidente pro-tempore e Tajuddin Ahmed come primo ministro. "[197]:133–135 This crash programme reached parity[clarification needed] in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved. [240], In 2009, the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support. Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people, raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others. [159]:80[166]:57 In the wake of changing geopolitical realities, India sought to establish closer relations with regional countries such as Iran, which was a traditional ally of Pakistan. Dovremo lottare fino all'ultimo per liberare la nostra patria. The Soviet Union reportedly warned Pakistan against the war, which they termed as "suicidal course for Pakistan's unity. [143]:xxxx According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom also deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay,[134][144][better source needed] on her final deployment. "Nixon, Kissinger and the breakup of Pakistan, 1971. [214], According to John H. Gill, there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern-day Bangladesh. [47], During the 1971 Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias called the Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape. It resulted in the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. [119]:107 The IAF's raids damaged one USAF and one UN aircraft in Dacca, while a RCAF DHC-4 Caribou was destroyed in Islamabad, along with the USAF's Beech U-8 owned by the US military's liaison chief Brigadier-General Chuck Yeager. [109], The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats, 1 minesweeper, 1 submarine, 2 destroyers, 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels; and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. They both have Muslim majorities and both have high population densities. [94], These pre-emptive strikes, known as Operation Chengiz Khan, were inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab–Israeli Six-Day War. [207][208], According to authors Kenton Worcester, Sally Bermanzohn and Mark Ungar, Bengalis themselves killed about 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East. After the war, the Pakistan Army's generals in the East held each other responsible for the atrocities committed, but most of the burden was laid on Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, who earned notoriety from his actions as governor of the East; he was called the "Butcher of Bengal" because of the widespread atrocities committed within the areas of his responsibility. [citation needed], On the brink of defeat in around 14 December 1971, the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers, the local East Pakistan Police they controlled, razakars and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians, teachers, and other intellectuals,[199][200] as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals. Nel luglio 1971 l'ex-Beatle George Harrison pubblicò in favore delle popolazioni colpite dalla guerra il singolo di beneficenza Bangla Desh, il cui ricavato sarà devoluto a un fondo dell'UNICEF. Io, il maggiore Ziaur Rahman, sotto la direzione di Bangobondhu Mujibur Rahman, dichiaro che è nata la Repubblica Popolare Indipendente del Bangladesh. (Wikipedia) China. [107][108], Due to high number of defections, the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines, led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin, where they had to conduct riverine operations against the Indian Army, but they too suffered major losses, mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan. (11 November 1998). La guerra indo-pakistana del 1965 sul Kashmir mise in risalto il senso di insicurezza militare dei bengalesi: la difesa del Pakistan orientale fu affidata soltanto ad una divisione di fanteria a ranghi incompleti ed a 15 aerei da combattimento, senza alcuna presenza di forze corazzate. Sebbene sin dal 1972 sia stata costituita una Commissione congiunta sui fiumi [en, come gli altri link eccetto ove diversamente indicato] per la gestione delle acque, le tensioni tra le due nazioni su come ripartire le risorse si sono recentemente acuite a seguito di una disputa riguardo il fiume Tista [it]. Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Molte civili innocenti e disarmati sono stati uccisi a Dacca e in altre città del Bangladesh. Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing, crying and burning. ", This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 11:31. Bangladesh - Bangladesh - The Pakistani period, 1947–71: Although the boundaries of East Bengal were based ostensibly on religion, they did not entirely reflect it. [36][37][38] The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators (razakars). "[17] Ma i morti hanno portato a risentimenti che furono uno dei maggiori fattori nella ricerca dell'indipendenza.[16][17]. [196]:xxxiii, On 20 January 1972, Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons with a view to "never to allow[ing] another foreign invasion of Pakistan. The relationship between Bangladesh and Pakistan is not great. [193] The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected this equal balance and a compromise between Islamism and Humanism, and provided guaranteed equal human rights to all. Joy Bangla. [145][146], As the war progressed, it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks, therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December, where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted: "in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which … you [Brezhnev] have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility. Via Dhaka Tribune . Il Pakistan orientale giudicava negativamente l'ossessione di quello Occidentale per il Kashmir, e il generale Yahya Khan, succeduto al generale Ayyub Khan alla guida del paese nel 1969, dovette affrontare gravi difficoltà sul piano interno e internazionale. [166]:57 The United States itself accepted a new balance of power, and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974, the US notified India that it had no "interest in actions designed to achieve new balance of power."[148]. § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo-Pakistani War.‡ indicates events in the Indo-Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh. [132], The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators (razakars). #2005060 Il Bangladesh combattè una guerra contro il Pakistan nel 1971. linked by Guybrush88 , November 14, 2012 #2016548 Bangladeŝo militis kontraŭ Pakistano en 1971. Gli indiani occuparono rapidamente il paese, evitando le roccaforti maggiormente difese. [113], After the attempted pre-emptive attack, the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation. La Cina in ogni caso continuò a concedere forniture militari al Pakistan. [191], Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. [156][154][157] To this date, its relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor. Group Captain M. Kaiser Tufail, "Great Battles of the Pakistan Airforce" and "Pakistan Air Force Combat Heritage" (pafcombat) et al., Feroze sons, Harold H. Saunders, "What Really Happened in Bangladesh" Foreign Affairs (2014) 93#4 d. Langewiesche, William (November 2005). Nell'agosto 1971 venne sancito il trattato di amicizia indo-sovietico.